High blood pressure

High blood pressure is the causes of the appearance of what diseases occur, diagnosis and treatment methods.

According to global statistics, diseases of the cardiovascular system are primarily among all the causes of mortality.

High blood pressure is one of the most common diseases in the circulatory system, which also acts as a factor in the development of other heart disease and blood vessels, such as coronary diseases, chronic heart failure, hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes.

High blood pressure is a persistent increase in systolic blood pressure (higher) greater than 140 mm Hg. Art.and / or diastolic (lower) greater than 90 mm Hg. Art.According to the recommendations of the European company for high blood pressure and the European Society of Cardiologists, the criterion of high blood pressure of 135/85 mm HG is adopted for the measurement at home.Art.And above.

The main symptoms accompanying an increase in blood pressure include headache, nausea, ears in the ears, palpitations, decrease in visual acuity, irritability, perspiration.

Sometimes an increase in blood pressure can be asymptomatic.In this case, blood pressure control is necessary.

High blood pressure varieties

Before talking about increasing blood pressure (blood pressure), you have to understand how the pressure should be normal.For each person, the blood pressure values are individual.However, there is a generally accepted classification of blood pressure.

• Optimal, where systolic blood pressure is less than 120 mm Hg. Art., And diastolic blood pressure is less than 80 mm Hg. Art. 
• Normal, where the upper blood pressure values are 120 to 129 and values lower from 80 to 84 mm Hg. Art.
• High normal, where the upper blood pressure values are 130 to 139 mm Hg in the interval.Art.and the lowest in the interval of 85 to 89 mm Hg. Art.

High blood pressure is divided according to degrees, depending on the maximum values obtained when the pressure is measured.

Blood pressure of the 1st systolic degree 140-159 mm Hg. Art.and / or the diastolic blood pressure 90-99 mm Hg. Art.

Blood pressure of the 2nd systolic degree 160-179 mm Hg. Art.and / or the diastolic blood pressure 100-109 mm Hg. Art.

Blood pressure of the 3rd systolic degree 180 and more MM Hg. Art.and / or diastolic blood pressure 110 and more than MM Hg. Art.

Hypertension isolated separately isolated, when only systolic blood pressure increases more than 140 mm Hg. ST, and the diastolic remains in normal values.

Causes of the increase in blood pressure

It is believed that most high pressure patients suffer Primary High blood pressure, whose development cannot be associated with specific causes.This is essential high blood pressure if called, which occurs most often in age -related patients.

In other cases, when a certain cause of pressure is revealed, they mean secondary High blood pressure.

Among the main causes leading to secondary arterial hypertension, they distinguish:

1. REINS AND BLOOD VESTS.These pathologies lead to a decrease in the intensity of blood flow in the kidneys and, consequently, to the release of the buds of substances which contribute to the increase in blood pressure and compensation for an alteration of the renal blood flow.Chronic kidney disease, chronic glomerulonephritis, uurlithiasis - These diseases can lead to the development of high blood pressure.Among the diseases of the blood vessels, the narrowing (stenosis) of the renal arteries is most often noted, which can be a congenital pathology or occur with atherosclerosis in adulthood. 

2. Different Endocrine diseases lead to the development of high blood pressure and other related symptoms.For example, with thyrotoxicosis, hormone productionThyroidians is improved, which is accompanied by the appearance of a goiter (an increase in the gland itself), an increase in systolic blood pressure, heart rate, increased excitability and a decrease in body weight.With hypothyroidism, the products of thyroid hormones are reduced.Pathologies are accompanied by endothelial dysfunction and altered relaxation of smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels, which leads to an increase in the peripheral resistance of blood vessels.This helps increase blood pressure.These patients are characterized by an increase in diastolic blood pressure, a slowdown in pulse, weakness and rapid fatigue.With pheochromocytomas (adrenal glands), the release of catecholamines (adrenaline, noradréphrine) increases in the blood, which causes net blood pressure to very high values.High blood pressure is a frequent obesity satellite.Adicked tissue cells (adipocytes) produce biologically active substances that affect the entire organism as a whole and, in particular, on the vessels.Also, don't forget that the "additional" fabric must also be the blood supply, which leads to an additional load on the cardiovascular system. 
3. Different Heart disease and blood vessels They can cause high blood pressure.For example, aorta coarcation is a local narrowing of aortic light, more often congenital pathology;Atherosclerotic shrinkage of vessels. 
4. Pregnancy (preeclampsia). 
5. High blood pressure when taking drugs: Oral contraceptives, anabolic steroids, glucocorticosteroids, antidepressants.

It is necessary to remember the factors contributing to the development of blood pressure: hereditary predisposition, on prolonged nervouscas, frequent stressful situations, excessive physical activity, smoking, alcohol and coffee abuse, the consumption of a large amount of salt and fatty food.

What are the diseases of high blood pressure?

High blood pressure is divided according to degrees, depending on the maximum values obtained when the pressure is measured.

We will indicate some.

• Atherosclerosis, including kidney arteries. 
• The lesion of the renal vessels (thrombosis, embolism, stenosis, compression of the renal vessels with a tumor or an organ). 
• Chronic pyelonephritis. 
• Chronic glomerulonephritis. 
• Chronic kidney disease. 
• Thyroid diseases (hypo- and hyperthyroidism). 
• Izenko-Cushing's disease and syndrome. 
• Feochromocytoma. 
• Primary hyperaldosteronism.
• Metabolic syndrome. 
• Aorta coarment. 
• Preeclampsia.

What doctors contact when increasing blood pressure?

To identify the causes of increasing pressure, you should initially contact the therapist.The doctor will examine and prescribe the necessary amount of exams and specialist consultations.Among them can be:

• Cardiologist; 
• endocrinologist; 
• neurologist; 
• surgeon; 
• ophthalmologist.

Diagnosis and examination with the increase in blood pressure

First of all, the self-control of blood pressure at home is necessary to maintain a newspaper, where all measurements of time pressure, taking medication and stress episodes must be fixed, which could cause an increase in blood pressure.

The following laboratory studies are prescribed to all patients at the first stage of the examination:

• Clinical blood test;
• general analysis of urine;
• Biochemical blood test (cholesterol control; lipoproteins are very low; and high density to assess the risk of atherosclerosis, blood electrolytes - potassium, sodium, chlorine, calcium; creatinine levels; blood sugar levels);
• blood test for glycated hemoglobin level; 
• A blood test for hormone content (TH4 - T4; Triiodotyronin - T3; Thyreotropic hormones - TSH; Antibody against the thyroid -perxidase; antibody against thyroidoglobulin).

If necessary, the doctor may prescribe a complex of laboratory examination methods and instruments:

• Daily monitoring of blood pressure; 
• electrocardiographic study; 
• echocardiography; 
• Holter daily surveillance; 
• Duplex analysis of the brachiocephale, 
• Renal / iliac arteries and lampposts; 
• Ultrasound study of kidneys and adrenal glands; 
• Study of the bottom of the eyes.

High blood pressure treatment

High blood pressure is a disease, the development of which depends on many factors, and therefore the first recommendation in the correction of high pressure is a change in lifestyle.

First, they make changes to food: they limit the consumption of canned and finished products, sauces and mayonnaise, and gradually reduce the amount of salt added to food.

The menu must include more fresh vegetables, fruit and dairy products.Alcohol and smoking should also be limited.

In the presence of excess body weight and the absence of contraindications, a diet is used.The regular regular physical effort of at least half an hour a day contributes to the normalization of the vascular tone.

We must not expect a rapid effect of diet and physical education.However, at the start of the disease, these actions can play a positive role.

Depending on the stage and the degree of the disease, the drug treatment is prescribed.In clinical practice, several groups of drugs are used to treat high blood pressure:

• diuretics (diuretics); 
• beta-blockers; 
• Calcium channel antagonists; 
• Angiotenzinzinoproding (IAC) enzyme inhibitors; 
• Anatagonists of angiotensin II receptors; 
• Central drugs.

Depending on the cause of development and the course of the disease, as well as on related diseases, the doctor prescribes an individual treatment regime.Therapy selected by the attending physician, the constant use of medicines and a change in lifestyle will help normalize blood pressure.

What to do with high pressure?

The pressure should not be reduced quickly: in the first two hours during help, blood pressure should not decrease by more than 20% of the high level initial.

When the blood pressure has increased moderately, but the general well is stable (there are no other symptoms), you should try to fall asleep or lie down with closed eyes.If after rest, the pressure remains high, it is necessary to take medication recommended by the attending physician.

If an increase in blood pressure is accompanied by serious headaches, dizziness, shortness of breath, visual disturbances, pain, nausea or vomiting, it is necessary to cause an ambulance.